Present world population - 6,500,000,000
    Unequal distribution of world population
Average world growth rate - 1.4% annual
    Unequal distribution
        Fastest growing areas - Parts of Middle East - over 4.0% annual
        Slowest growing area - central and Eastern Europe - 0% or less
            Ukraine, Germany
        Southern Africa - negative growth rates, result of HIV epidemic
Primary World Population Clusters - mainly Asia
    East Asia
    South Asia
    Southeast Asia
    Europe

Secondary Clusters
    Eastern U.S.
    Central Mexico
    Southern Brazil

Population density
    Very high arithmetic population density- Bangla Desh, Japan - over 1,400 sq. mile

Map - World arithmetic population density - A.D. 2000

Map #2 - World Population Densities

    Very low - Canada, Australia, Mongolia, Libya, Russia (Siberia)
Arithmetic vs. physiological population density
    Egypt - Nile River - 3 miles on either side
        60,000,000 people
        Most densely populated country of world in terms of useable land

Nile Delta and Gaza, Extreme Physiological Population Density

Asia - over half of world's population
    Siberia - empty area
Largest countries (in terms of population)
    China
    India
    United States - population, 300,000,000 (Oct. 2006)
    Indonesia
    Brazil
Largest countries (in terms of land area)
    Russia
    Canada
    China
    United States
    Brazil
CIA website for demography

World's population growing more rapidly at present than at any other time during human history
    Third World countries

Three Thousand Years of Population Growth

*Population of any area represents a balance between two forces
    1.    Natural change
            Births
            Deaths
    2.    Migration change
            Immigration vs. migration
Births and immigration push population up
Deaths and migration lower population
For the world as a whole, immigration and migration not significant
Growth rates and doubling times

    70 yrs.
    growth rate  ^{= doubling time}

    Example - growth rate in Yemen is 3.5% annually   70 yrs./3.5% annual growth rate = 20 yr. doubling time
                                                                         

Birth Rate minus Death Rate = Growth Rate

1.    Carrying capacity of the land

        Simply means productive capacity of the land to support population
        Hunting and gathering supports the least, intensive agriculture the most

2.    Population restraints

        Disease, famine, and warfare

Population can increase, but somewhere along the line, natural restraints come into play
*Thomas Malthus - 1798 - Principles of Population - first person to write on population
        Population has a tendency to increase geometrically, agriculture can grow only in arithmetic
        progression
*Population will reach a point at which it exceeds available food supply
-Will be held in check by "war, vice, and misery"

    Eg., equatorial, East Africa

1998 - earth's population predicted to peak at 11,000,000,00 in year 2200
    Much land not useful for agriculture - sub-arctic, deserts, forests

Several times population of the world has actually dropped - effects of disease/epidemics
Black Death - bubonic plague

Spread of Bubonic Plague, A.D. 1347-1350

Population Decline Europe as the Result of the Bubonic Plague

    Visited Europe in intervals - 1347, 1361, 1371, 1382
    Brought to Europe by Italian merchants - from Asia minor - rats/fleas on ships
    1/3 population of Europe was eliminated
    Those who didn't die probably had some sort of natural resistance - passed on to offspring
Native Americans - 16th century - population of Mesoamerica drops from 30,000,000 to
    3,000,000 in a century
    Main reason - lack of resistance to Old World diseases
*Rapid population dropof native America because of conquest - greatest Malthusian disaster in history!
Smallpox - greatest killer in history!
Influenza - after WW I - killed more people than war did
HIV - East and Equatorial Africa - depopulation in some areas - Sudan, Uganda (see section on medical geography)
Ebola - Zaire - does in two weeks what HIV takes ten years to do
    Some epidemics

Is not disease, but it, too, has acted to hold population in check
Much more likely to occur in borderline environmental situations
May have had more persistent effect in the past than today
19th to mid-20th Centuries - South and East Asia center of famine
    High rural populations, low caloric intake, failure of monsoons
    High crop yields, but high risk situation
    Famines in India and China - over 6,000,000 fatalities per famine
Ireland - 1845
    High population supported by single crop - potato

    Several cool, rainy years - famine result
        Deaths, massive migration
        Population drops from 8,000,000 to 4,000,000 in 20 yrs - never recovers
Sahel - 1970-present
    Belt just to south of Sahara - Nigeria to Sudan/Ethiopia

    Increasing desertification, warfare, political instability
    Series of famines

Former Soviet Union - Malthusian Disasters and demography
    Series of disasters during 20th century
    World War I, Russian Revolution, Collectivization of peasant farms (Ukraine), Stalin's
    purges, World War II (20,000,000 casualties)
    Population in 1990 was 280,000,000 - should have been 400,000,000 or more
Modern Russia, Ukraine - negative growth rates today

• Situation in Latin America, for the most part, does not compare to Africa
• Parts of Africa has the world’s largest growth rate.

• Ecological/population crisis do exist in Latin America

• "The Conquest" was a "Malthusian" disaster for Latin America
• Depopulation caused by "disease, warfare, and famine"
• Since the colonial period "Malthusian" depopulations have generally not been present in Latin America

• Malthusian population declines since the colonial period in Latin America
• La Alianza Triple (Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil) against Paraguay -  devastating to population of Paraguay
• Mexican Revolution 1910-1920 - population of Mexico declines, deaths measured in millions

• Population distribution Latin America

• Overall population of Latin America is about  500,000,000 (2006)
• Dealing with one and one half continents - compared to India

• Latin America more densely population than regions with much larger area

The Demographic Transition

• Developing countries - decline in infant mortality rate - population increase
• Young populations
• When population approaches carrying capacity it can
• Overshoot (India, Ethiopia)
• Social control (nw Europe) 

  ---

• Cycle of population growth through which a country passes
• England - completes Demographic Transition by 1920

• Phase 1: birth rate is high, death rate as high as birth rate; growth rate is low/less than 1% per year. Epidemics, famine; population fluctuates.  Europe middle ages - Black death

            No stage I countries 1960-1995
            Latin America - 1920's - Guatemala, low birth rate
            Africa - 1940's - 1950 - many countries still phase I
                HIV infection rates over 40% in Zambia, Botswana, Zimbabwe, South Africa
                Slide back to Stage 1 - Sierra Leone, life expectancy about 30 yrs.

Population Decline in South Africa

World Infant Mortality Rates

• Malthusian disasters - disease, warfare, famine
•               100 Yrs. War - Europe, Reformation
•               Chaco War - Argentina and Paraguay, 1880's
•             Mexican Revolution - 1910-1920 - population actually lowerWorld War II - Poland, Eastern Soviet Union - population declines 25%, growth never recovers
•               Sahel - droughts and famines 1970-present
• Except for the actual Conquest and following century, Malthusian disasters of Old World not presen to same degree in Latin America
• Latin America was in Phase 1 up until 1920-1930.
• Western Europe passed to Stage II in 19th Century

• Guatemala 1990 - growth rate about 3.0%, much of Central America, indigenous areas of
•             Andes still in stage 2
• Parts of Middle East (eg., Yemen, Iran) have growth rates of almost 4.0%
  Average annual growth rate 2.5-3.0% or higher

• Explosion of population in cities;  Europe in 1920’s stage 2 countries
• 1950's/60's - much of Latin America in stage 2
• Argentina - 1920's - stage 2 country - Argentina growth history more closely resembles
• Europe, United States

Population Pyramids - notice distributions by age.

• Phase 3 – late expanding; birth/death rate drop; growth rate drops; much of Latin America State 3 country; Brazil is stage 3; countries making transition to urban society.
• Haiti, Bolivia - not highly urbanized
• Mexico - over 75% urban
• Growth slows to 1.0-2.0% annually
• Venezuela, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia

Percent Urban

• Examples - United States, Japan, Western Europe
• England first country to complete Demographic Transition

• In Latin America not many countries in State 4; Uruguay comes close; Argentina is approaching stage 4;
• Argentina, Uruguay - 85% urban

• As the country moves from Phase 1 to 4; the average age of the population increases!
• Sweden - average person is 45, Gaza/Yemen - average person is 15 yrs. old
• See population pyramids on p. 118, textbook
  
  

  Immigration destinations in the United States

Medical Geography

Nutrition

Daily Calorie Intake Maps and Charts

Vectored diseases - bubonic plague, malaria, yellow fever, sleeping sickness, river blindness
Non-vectored disease - cholera, HIV, influenza
"Maintenance diseases" - diabetes, cancer, cardiovascular system
Over-nutrition

HIV Epidemic

World mortality rates

HIV - top map is total number of cases, bottom map indicates rate of infection.

More HIV frequencies, 2001

HIV epidemic - sub-Saharan Africa, Malthusian disaster

HIV infection in Africa, red colors indicate higher incidence of occurrence.

HIV infection Sub-Saharan Africa

HIV infection summaries

Disability adjusted life expectancies

World Life Expectancies

Coronary Mortality

Lung Cancer Mortality

Malignant Melanoma

Breast Cancer Mortality United States