INTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY
ANATOMY.- Study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts.
PHYSIOLOGY .- Study of how organisms perform their vital functions
ANATOMY CAN BE DIVIDED INTO MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY AND GROSS ANATOMY
MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY deals with structures hat cannot be seen without magnification.
MACROSCOPIC ANATOMY involves the examination of relatively large structures and features usually visible with the unaided eye
There are many ways to approach Gross Anatomy
SURFACE ANATOMY
REGIONAL ANATOMY
SYSTEMIC ANATOMY
DEVELOPMENT ANATOMY
PHYSIOLOGY
Human Physiology
Cell Physiology
Systemic Physiology
Pathological Physiology
ANATOMISTS STUDY THE BODY FROM MANY DIFFERENT LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL DETAIL
THE LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
HOMEOSTASIS
IS THE MAINTENANCE OF A RELATIVELY STEADY INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESSES
THE BODY IS ALWAYS REFERRED
TO IN A UNIVERSAL POSITION CALLED
THE ANATOMICAL POSITION
Standing erect with the feet pointed forward, the eyes straight ahead, and the palms of the hands facing forward with the arms at the sides
THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
RELATIVE POSITIONS
SUPERIOR and INFERIOR describe vertical positions of structures.
ANTERIOR and POSTERIOR. Fore and aft positioning of structures are described with these two terms.
CRANIAL and CAUDAL – both may be used instead of anterior and posterior.
DORSAL and VENTRAL – also used in place of anterior and posterior.
PROXIMAL and DISTAL describe the proximity of a structure to its point of attachment on the body.
MEDIAL and LATERAL – are used to describe surface relationships respect to the median line of the body.
THE MEDIAL LINE IS AN IMAGINARY LINE ON A PLANE THAT DIVIDES THE BODY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT HALVES
SUPERFICIAL and DEEP refers to parts close or farther from body’s surface.
PLANES AND SECTIONS
A PLANE is the imaginary line of a section.
We use three types of sections in the study of Anatomy:
Two vertical sections
One transverse section
TRANSVERSE SECTIONS DIVIDE THE BODY IN SUPERIOR AND INFERIOR
VERTICAL SECTIONS ARE PARALLEL TO THE AXIS OF THE BODY AND INCLUDE SAGITTAL AND FRONTAL
SECTIONS
SAGITTAL SECTIONS DIVIDES INTO RIGHT AND LEFT PORTIONS
( MIDSAGITTAL or PARASAGITTAL )
FRONTAL ( CORONAL ) SECTIONS SEPARATES
ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR
STRUCTURES
THE POSITION OF INTERNAL
ABDOMINAL ORGANS IS SIMPLIFIED BY PARTITIONING THE TRUNK INTO FOUR EQUAL
QUADRANTS
( abdominopelvic quadrants )
Right upper Quadrant
Right lower Quadrant
Left upper Quadrant
Left lower Quadrant
9 ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
We must establish four imaginary planes: two horizontal and two vertical.
The transpyloric plane
The transtubercular plane
The right lateral plane
The left lateral plane
THE ABDOMINOPELVIC REGIONS
RIGHT AND LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC REGIONS
RIGHT AND LEFT LUMBAR REGIONS
RIGHT AND LEFT ILIAC REGIONS
EPIGASTRIC REGION
UMBLICAL REGION
HYPOGASTRIC OR PUBIC REGION
BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES
BODY CAVITIES are internal spaces that house internal organs.
There are TWO MAJOR BODY CAVITIES:
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
DORSAL BODY CAVITY
CONTAINS THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CORD
ITS SUBDIVIDED INTO THE CRANIAL AND SPINAL CAVITIES
VENTRAL BODY CAVITY
IS THE SPACE OF BODY TRUNK ANTERIOR TO VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND POSTERIOR TO STERNUM AND ABDOMINAL MUSCLE WALL.
IS DIVIDED INTO TWO MAJOR CAVITIES: THE THORACIC CAVITY AND THE ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY.
BODY CAVITY MEMBRANES
THE BODY CAVITIES ARE LINED WITH SEROUS MEMBRANES THAT PROVIDE A SMOOTH SURFACE FOR THE ENCLOSED INTERNAL ORGANS.
ARE DOUBLE-LAYERED MEMBRANES WITH A LUBRICANT FLUID IN THE SPACE BETWEEN THE MEMBRANES
THEY HAVE TWO LAYERS:
VISCERAL LAYER – DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO THE EXPOSED SURFACE OF THE INTERNAL ORGAN
PARIETAL LAYER – LINES THE WALL OF THE CAVITY.
THORACIC CAVITY MEMBRANES
THE PLEURA THAT LINES THE PLEURAL CAVITY
THE PERICARDIUM THAT LINES THE PERICARDIAL CAVITY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY
MEMBRANES
THE PERITONEUM IS THE SEROUS MEMBRANE OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY