THE APPENDICULAR SKELETON

INCLUDES THE BONES OF THE LIMBS AND THE SUPPORTING ELEMENTS ( GIRDLES ), THAT CONNECT THEM TO THE TRUNK.

INCLUDES 126 BONES

PECTORAL GIRDLE

•          CONSISTS OF A SHOULDER BLADE OR SCAPULA AND A COLLARBONE OR CLAVICLE.

•          THE SHOULDER JOINT IS VERY FLEXIBLE AND A GREAT RANGE OF MOVEMENT IS POSSIBLE.

THE CLAVICLE

•          ARTICULATE WITH MANUBRIUM OF STERNUM ( STERNAL END ), AND ARE THE ONLY DIRECT CONNECTION BETWEEN PECTORAL GIRDLE AND AXIAL SKELETON.

•          ALSO ARTICULATE WITH THE SCAPULA ( ACROMIAL END )

THE SCAPULAE

•          VERY UNSUALLY SHAPED BONES WHICH “FLOATS” ON THE POSTERIOR RIB SURFACE.

•          THE BODY OF SCAPULA FORMNS A TRINGLE WITH THREE ANGLES.    ( SUPERIOR, INFERIOR AND LATERAL )

•          THE LATERAL ANGLE FORMS THE GLENOID CAVITY ( ARTICULATES WITH THE HUMERUS ) AND THE ARTICULATIONS IS CALLED GLENOHUMERAL JOINT.

•          THE POSTERIOR ACROMION PROCESS ARTICULATES WITH THE CLAVICLE AT THE ACROMIOCLAVICULAR JOINT.

THE UPPER LIMBS

•          BONES OF THE ARM, FOREARM, WRIST AND HAND.

•          THE ARM CONTAINS ONE BONES         ( THE HUMERUS )

•          THE FOREARM HAS TWO BONES          ( RADIUS AND ULNA )

ULNA

•          IN ANATOMICAL POSITION LIES  MEDIAL TO THE RADIUS.

•          TWO PROCESSES THAT ATTACH TO HUMERUS, THE SUPERIOR OLECRANON PROCESS AND THE INFERIOR CORONOID PROCESS

•          ARTICULATES CON RADIUS TO FORM THE DISTAL RADIOULNAR JOINT.

RADIUS

•          LATERAL BONE OF FOREARM

•          THE HEAD ARTICULATES WITH THE CAPITULUM OF THE HUMERUS

•          ITS WIDER AT ITS DISTAL END.

•          FORMS MOST OF THE JOINT WITH THE WRIST BONES

THE CARPAL BONES
WE HAVE 8 WRIST BONES ARRANGED IN TWO ROWS OF 4

PROXIMAL:

SCAPHOID

LUNATE

TRIQUETRUM

PISIFORM

DISTAL:

TRAPEZIUM

TRAPEZOID

CAPITATE

HAMATE

•          FIVE METACARPAL BONES ARTICULATES WITH DISTAL CARPAL BONES

•          DISTALLY, THE METACARPALS BONES ARTICULATE WITH THE PROXIMAL FINGER BONES

•          METACARPALS ARE LONG BONES

•          EACH HAND HAS 14 PHALANGES           ( FINGER BONES )

•          THE POLLEX ( FIRST FINGER ) HAS TWO PHALANGES ( PROXIMAL AND DISTAL )

•          THE OTHER FINGERS HAS THREE PHALANGES ( PROXIMAL, MEDIAL AND DISTAL )

PELVIC GIRDLE

•          ATTACHES THE LEGS TO THE SKELETON, AND HELPS PROTECT AND SUPPORT THE ABDOMINOPLEVIC ORGANS.

•          THE PELVIS INCLUDES THE OSSA COXAE OF APPENDICULAR SKELETON AND SACRUM AND COCCYX OF AXIAL SKELETON

•          EACH HIPBONE ( OSSA COXAE ) IS FORMED BY THE FUSION OF THREE BONES: THE ILIUM, TUE ISCHIUM, AND THE PUBIS.

•          THE ILIUM ARTICULATE WITH THE SACRUM ( SACROILIAC JOINT )

•          ON LATERAL SURFACE OF HIP BONE THE ACETABULUM ARTICULATES WITH THE HEAD OF THE FEMUR

•          ANTERIORLY, TUE PUBIS BONES JOINT AT THE PUBIC SYMPHYSIS.

•          THE OBTURATOR FORAMEN IS A LARGE HOLE BETWEEN THE ISCHIUM AND THE PUBIS THROUGH WHICH ARTERIES, VEINS AND NERVES PASS.

•          FEMALE PELVIS HAS A WIDER PELVIC OUTLET THAN MALE.

THE LOWER LIMBS

CONSISTS OF A FEMUR, PATELLA, TIBIA AND FIBULA, AND THE BONES OF THE ANKLE AND FOOT

FEMUR

•          LONGEST AND HEAVIEST BONE IN THE BODY

•          FORMS THE THIGH

•          HEAD OF FEMUR ARTICULATES WITH ACETABULUM OF THE OS COXAE AT THE HIP JOINT

•          IT SUPPORTS THE BODY´S WEIGHT AND BEARS THE STRESS FROM THE LEGS

•          ON THE DISTAL EPIPHYSIS HAS TWO CONDYLES ( LATERAL AND MEDIAL CONDYLES ) WHICH ARTICULATES WITH THE TIBIA.

THE PATELLA

•          LARGE SESAMOID BONE

•          THE ANTERIOR SURFACE ATTACH THE QUADRICEPS TENDON AND THE PATELLAR LIGAMENT

•          THE POSTERIOR SURFACE HAS 2 FACETS FOR ARTICULATION WITH CONDYLES OF THE FEMUR

THE TIBIA

•          LARGE MEDIAL BONE OF THE LOWER LEG

•          BIGGER, THICKER, AND BROADER AT ITS END THAN THE FIBULA

•          IS THE WEIGHT BEARING BONE OF THE LOWER LEG

•          HAS TWO CONDYLES THAT ARTICULATE WITH THE SAME TWO CONDYLES OF THE FEMUR

•          THE INFERIOR SURFACE ARTICULATES WITH THE PROXIMAL BONE OF THE ANKLE

THE FIBULA

•          THINNER, NON WEIGHT BEARING BONE OF THE LOWER LEG

•          HEAD OF THE FIBULA ARTICULATES WITH THE TIBIA, DOES NOT ARTICULATE WITH THE FEMUR

THE TARSAL BONES

•          7 BONES WHICH FORM THE ANKLES, AND ARE NALOGOUS TO THE CARPALS IN THE WRIST

•          TWO OF THESE ARE INTERESTING TO NOTE:

1. THE TALUS
2. THE CALCANEUS

THE OTHER TARSAL BONES ARE:

•          CUBOID

•          NAVICULAR

•          CUNEIFORM BONES ( MEDIAL INTERMEDIATE AND LATERAL )

•          THE METATARSAL BONES ARE FIVE LONG BONES THAT FORM THE DISTAL PORTION OF THE FOOT    ( METATARSUS )

•          PROXIMALLY, METATARSAL ARTICUALTES WITH THE 3 CUNEIFORM BONES AND WITH THE CUBOID

•          DISTALLY, EACH ONE ARTICULATES WITH THE PROXIMAL PHALANX.

THE PHALANGES FORM THE TOES

•          THE HALLUX ( GREAT TOE ) HAS TWO PHALANGES ( PROXIMAL AND DISTAL )

•          THE OTHER FOUR TOES HAS THREE PHALANGES ( PROXIMAL, MIDDLE AND DISTAL )